The Principles of Scientific Management

130 THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT A routing system. Modern cost system, etc., etc. These are, however, merely the elements or details of the mechanism of management. Scientific man- agement, in its essence, consists of a certain philoso- phy, which results, as before stated, in a combination of the four great underlying principles of manage- ment :1 When, however, the elements of this mechanism, such as time study, functional foremanship, etc., are used without being accompanied by the true philosophy of management, the results are in many cases disastrous. And, unfortunately, even when men who are thoroughly in sympathy with the principles of scientific management undertake to change too rapidly from the old type to the new, without heeding the warnings of those who have had years of experience in making this change, they frequently meet with serious troubles, and sometimes with strikes, followed by failure. The writer, in his paper on “Shop Management,” has called especial attention to the risks which managers run in attempting to change rapidly from the old to the new management. In many cases, however, this warning has not been heeded. The physical changes which are needed, the actual time study which has to be made, the standardiza- tion of all implements connected with the work, 1 First. The development of a true science. Second. The scientific selection of the workman. Third. His scientific education and develop- ment. Fourth. Intimate friendly cooperation between the management and the men.