Applied Motion Study
A Collection Method to industrial Preparedness

22 APPLIED MOTION STUDY times in religious organisations and political or- ganisations. The division is by men, by grades of men, rather than by functions. Because the division is by men, it is almost im- possible to measure and standardise the duties of the positions. Any attempt at such measurement and standardisation makes clear the fact that the requirements of every position, with the excep- tion of the most subordinate, demand men of a higher grade of development than the pay in- volved would justify. Moreover, as the supposed requirements of the positions are the result of guess or tradition rather than of measurement, successful standardisation would be not only im- practicable, but impossible. Fig. 3 represents the lines of authority in func- tional or scientific management. Here the divi- sion is by functions, the first functional divi- sion being the separation of the planning from the performing. Graphically, this separation is represented by the horizontal line. All func- tions above this line are of the planning, all func- tions below this line are of the performing. Note the functions shown on this chart, namely, four functions in the planning and four functions in