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Animated Pictures 325 In order to secure the illusion of movement by means of pictures two features at present are recog- nised as being absolutely indispensable. These are respectively a device for carrying the fabric or base upon which the pictures are mounted or printed, and a means whereby each picture may be held stationary for the fraction of a second before the lens. An apparatus embodying these fundamental character- istics, without which, so far, it has not been possible to produce animation by photography, was devised in 1861, and even anticipated the cinematograph or kinematograph. in name, by being known as the “ Kinematoscope.” Four years later another workei introduced an improvement for moving the carrier which advanced the art, which was then in an ex- tremely immature and tender stage. But it was February 5th, 1870, which really ushered in the era of the cinema as we know it to-day because on that date was given the first public enter- tainment of this character. The Academy of Music in the city of Philadelphia, was hired for the pur- pose, and an audience exceeding i,500 people wit- nessed the silent animated pantomime as revealed by photography upon the screen. The “ show ” was given by Henry Heyl, and it aroused considerable attention owing to the striking life-like character of the pictures. He gave his apparatus a weird name—the “ Phasmatrope ; but really it was the parent of the modern machine. Possibly the apparatus and its method of operation might be described as a combination of the magic- lantern, which has been a popular form of juvenile entertainment for centuries, with the modern moving