The Principles of Scientific Management

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 99 machine that through scientific methods its ouptut could be more than doubled. The. machine selected by him fairly represented the work of the shop. It had been run for ten or twelve years past by a first-class mechanic who was more than equal in his ability to the average work- men in the establishment. In a shop of this sort, in which similar machines are made over and over again, the work is necessarily greatly subdivided, so that no one man works upon more than a com- paratively small number of parts during the year. A careful record was therefore made, in the presence øf both parties, 01 the time actually taken in finish- ing each of the parts which this man worked upon. The total time required by him to finish each piece, as well as the exact speeds and feeds which he took, were noted, and a record was kept of the time which he took in setting the work in the machine and remov- ing it. After obtaining in this way a statement of what represented a fair average of the work done in the shop, we applied to this one machine the principles of scientific management. By means of four quit© elaborate slide-rules, which, have been especially made for the purpose of deter- mining the all-round capacity of metal-cutting ma- chines, a careful analysis was made of every element of this machine in its relation to the work in hand. Its pulling power at its various speeds, its feeding capacity, and its proper speeds were determined by means of the slide-rules, and changes were then made in the countershaft and driving pulleys so as