The Principles of Scientific Management

100 THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT to run it at its proper speed. Tools, made of high- speed steel, and of the proper shapes, were properly dressed, treated, and ground. (It should be under- stood, however, that in this case the high-speed steel which had heretofore been in general use in the shop was also used in our demonstration.) A large special slide-rule was then made, by means of which the exact speeds and feeds were indicated at which each kind of work could be done in the shortest possible, time in this particular lathe. After pre- paring in this way so that the workman should work according to the new method, one after another, pieces of work were finished in the lathe, correspond- ing to the work which had been done in our pre- liminary trials, and the gain in time made through running the machine according to scientific principles ranged from two and one-half times the speed in the slowest instance to nine times the speed in the highest. The change from rule-of-thumb management to scientific management involves, however, not only a study of what is the proper speed for doing the work and a remodeling of the tools and the imple- ments in the shop, but also a complete change in the mental attitude of all the men in the shop toward their work and toward their employers. The physical improvements in the machines neces- sary to insure large gains, and the motion study followed by minute study with a stop-watch of the time in which each workman should do his work, can be made comparatively quickly. But the