The Principles of Scientific Management

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 109 (M) The pulling power and the speed and feed changes of the machine. It may seem preposterous to many people that it should have required a period of 26 years to investigate the effect of these twelve variables upon the cutting speed of metals. To those, however, who have had personal experience as experimenters, it will be appreciated that the great difficulty of the problem lies in the fact that it contains so many variable elements. And in fact the great length of time consumed in making each single experiment was caused by the difficulty of holding eleven variables constant and uniform throughout the experiment, while the effect of the twelfth variable was being investigated. Holding the eleven variables constant was far more difficult than the investiga- tion of the twelfth element. As, one after another, the effect upon the cutting speed of each of these variables was investigated, in order that practical use could be made of this knowl- edge, it was necessary to find a mathematical formula which expressed in concise form the laws which had been obtained. As examples of the twelve formulæ which were developed, the three following are given: P = 45,000 DW 11.9 f0.665 0.2373 + 2.4 18 + 24.D