The Principles of Scientific Management

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 141 initiative, and yet is controlled by and must work harmoniously with many other men.” The examples given above of the increase in out- put realized under the new management fairly represent the gain which is possible. They do not represent extraordinary or exceptional cases, and have been selected from among thousands of similar illustrations which might have been given. Let us now examine the good which would follow the general adoption of these principles. The larger profit would come to the whole world in general. The greatest material gain which those of the pres- ent generation have over past generations has come from the fact that the average man in this generation, with a given expenditure of effort, is producing two times, three times, even four times as much of those things that are of use to man as it was possible for the average man in the past to produce. This increase in the productivity of human effort is, of course, due to many causes, besides the increase in the personal dexterity of the man. It is due to the discovery of steam and electricity, to the intro- duction of machinery, to inventions, great and small, and to the progress in science and education. But from whatever cause this increase in productivity has come, it is to the greater productivity of each individual that the whole country owes its greater prosperity. Those who are afraid that a large increase in the productivity of each workman will throw other men