The Principles of Scientific Management

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 57 who is a better mathematician than any of the rest of us, and we decided to investigate the problem in a new way, by graphically representing each element of the work through plotting curves, which should give us, as it were, a bird’s-eye view of every element. In a comparatively short time Mr. Barth had discovered the law governing the tiring effect of heavy labor on a first-class man. And it is so simple in its nature that it is truly remarkable that it should not have been discovered and clearly under- stood years before. The law which was developed is as follows: The law is confined to that class of work in which the limit of a man’s capacity is reached because he is tired out. It is the law of heavy laboring, cor- responding to the work of the cart horse, rather than that of the trotter. Practically all such work con- sists of a heavy pull or a push on the man’s arms, that is, the man’s strength is exerted by either lift- ing or pushing something which he grasps in his hands. And the law is that for each given pull or push on the man’s arms it is possible for the work- man to be under load for only a definite percentage of the day. For example, when pig iron is being handled (each pig weighing 92 pounds), a first- class workman can only be under load 43 per cent, of the day. He must be entirely free from load during 57 per cent, of the day. And as the load becomes lighter, the percentage of the day under which the man can remain under load increases. So that, if the workman is handling a half-pig,