Engineering Wonders of the World
Volume III

■ Gladiator, the salving of the, I., 41-48; see “Salving of the Gladiator." ■ Globe and Phoenix mine, II., 153. Gold discoveries in the Klondike, I., 21. • Gorgas, Colonel, sanitary officer at Pan- ama Canal works, checks malaria, II., 137. Governing Pelton water-wheels, III., 277. •Gradients on—Canadian Pacific Railway in Rockies, I., 277 ; Central Pacific Railway, III., 140 ; Famatina cable- way, I., 125; Fell railway, III., 303 ; Hedjaz Railway, I., 345; Jungfrau railway, III., 307 ; Mont Cenis Tunnel, III., 151; St. Gothard, III., 152; Simplon Tunnel, III., 155 ; tube railways, I., 311; Uganda railway, II., 58 ; Wetterhorn rail- way, IL, 191 ; White Pass railway, I., 32. ■Grapnels for picking up submarine cables, IL, 371. Great Britain, the. I., 316. Great British Dams and Aqueducts, III., 177-192. Roman aqueducts followed hy- draulic gradient, 177; modern aqueducts include pipe syphons, 179; three methods of construc- tion now used—tunnelling, cut-and- cover, and syphons, 179 ; balancing reservoirs on pipe lines, 179. Glas- gow aqueducts, 179,180. Vyrnwy- Liverpool scheme, 180; Vyrnwy dam, 180 ; inlet water tower, 181 ; the aqueduct, 181 ; Norton Tower, 181 ; tunnels on the aqueduct route, 182 ; tunnelling under the Mersey, a difficult task, 182; ingenious temporary connection across the Mersey, 183; Lake Vyrnwy, 183. Thirlmere-Manchester scheme, 183 ; the aqueduct, 183 ; cast-iron pipes, their size, manufacture, and jointing, 185, 186 ; automatic check valves, 187, 188. Elan-Birming- ham scheme, 189 ; the Elan and Claerwen water-sheds, 189 ; Caban Coch dam, 189; submerged dam, 190; Pen-y-gareg and Craig Goch dams, 190; submerged buildings, 190, 191 ; the aqueduct, 191. Other schemes : Derwent valley waterworks and Derwent dam, 191 ; Bradford’s supply from the river Nidd, 192. Great Divide,” the, Canadian Pacific Railway, L, 276. Great Eastern, the, designed by I. K. Brunel, I., 316; compared with Lusitania, 317, 318 ; used for lay- ing 1865 and 1866 Atlantic cables, II., 366-372. Greathead, J. H., inventor of the circular tunnelling shield, I., 228. Great Irrigation Works of India, The, III., 232-249. Extent of Government irrigation works, 232 ; their social effect, 232, 233 ; rainfall of India, 233 ; systems and location of irrigation works, 233, 234 ; statistics of areas, 234. Chenab Canal, 235; dimensions, 235 ; what the canal has done, 235 ; laying out the canal system, 236 ; subdividing the tract irrigated, 236 ; escape reservoirs for surplus water, 236 ; the Chenab weir, 238 ; weir shutters, their action, 238 ; cost of the scheme, 239. Bari Doab Canal, 240; irrigates one million acres, 240 ; the head-works badly placed, 241. Ganges Canal, 241 ; head- works, 241 ; building temporary dams to divert the water from river into canal, 241 ; Solani aqueduct, 242. Godaveri Delta Canal system, 242 ; how deltas are formed, 242 ; the canals, 244. Tanks and Reservoirs : Periyar tunnel, dam, and reservoir, 244, 245 ; Lake Whit- ing and the Bhatghur dam, 245; Lake Fife, 245; Marikanave reser- voir and dam, a colossal scheme, 246. Conclusion : the irrigation engineer’s life, 246 ; contrasts pro- duced by irrigation, 246, 247; plenty and famine, 248; the dis- tribution of food in famine areas, 248 ; value of irrigated crops, 249. Great Tunnels through the Alps, The, III., 148-162. The Alps as barriers, 148 ; Sem- mering Pass railway constructed, 149. Mont Cenis Tunnel : finan- cial agreement between French and Italian Governments, 149; the tunnel to be of unprecedented length, 149; tunnel completed in thirteen years of work, 149 ; details of the tunnel—dimensions, gradients, cost, etc., 151. St. Gothard Tun- nel : a Swiss proposition supported by Italy and Germany, 151 ; respec- tive contributions, 151 ; details of tunnel, 151 ; gradients, 152; work begun in September 1872, 152; improved drills and explosives, but bad ventilation, 152; tunnel com- pleted, New Year’s Day, 1882, 152. Arlberg Tunnel : length, gra- dients, etc., 152; work begun, November 1880, completed Sep- tember 1884, 153 ; system of head- ings used, 153 ; quick progress made owing to employment of Brandt rock drill, 153; description of Brandt drill, 153; good ventila- tion of the workings, 154. Simplon Tunnel : the Simplon Pass and Napoleon’s road, 154 ; projects for a tunnel, 154; convention signed between construction company and Swiss and Italian Governments, 155 ; system of twin tunnels adopted, 155 ; gradients and terms of con- tract, 155 ; surveying the pass and mountains, 155 ; accuracy of calcu- lations proved, 155,156; ventilating the headings, 156 ; series of opera- tions performed during every ad- vance of the drills, 156, 157 ; com- pressed air locomotives, 157 ; diffi- culties encountered—crushing in of the timbering in Italian workings, 157 ; steel frames and cement lining substituted, 158 ; hot springs struck on the Swiss side, 158; work tem- porarily abandoned by Swiss party, 158; Italian party encounters hot spring, but turns its flank, 159; headings meet, 159; first train passes through, January 25, 1906, 159 ; a coincidence of dates, 159; second tunnel to be completed when traffic demands, 160; ventilation of the tunnel, 160; electric locomotives for hauling trains through the tunnel, 160; cost and figures of the tunnel, 160. Loetschberq and Tauern Tunnels, 162. [ 392 ] Great Underpinning Achievements. III., 312-320. What “ underpinning ” is, 312. Serious subsidence of Winchester Cathedral, 312; cause of subsi- dence, 313 ; a diver employed for the underpinning work, 313 diver’s dress, 314; what the diver had to do, 314, 315. Holy Trinity Church, Hull-: ominous cracks in the structure, 315; church, tower supported originally on a timber raft, 315; condition of raft and timber piles, 316; grillage beams substituted, 316; old pier founda- tions removed, 316; the church saved, 316. St. Mary Wool- noth : a railway station under a church, 317 ; history of the church, 317; decision to support it on girders, 318 ; supporting the column bases, 318 ; work under the south wall, 319 ; underpinning the north wall, 319 ; station booking-hall and lifts, 320. Greeley, Horace, and Greeley colony, II., 86, 87. Gross airship, III., 6. Grotto of Posilippo, I., 19. Grouting apparatus, I., 61, 309 ; used for tunnel lining, 61. Gunboats, I., 393. Guns, big, I., 404-417; ammunition hoists, 411 ; barbettes, 410 ; breech- blocks, 408 ; calibre, 404, 407 ; erosion, 410 ; firing, 410 ; mount- ings, 409, 412 ; muzzle energy, 409 ; obturator, 409 ; penetration, 403 ; recoil absorbers, 409 ; rifling, 408 ; sighting, 411 ; weight, 411 ; wire winding, 408. “ Gushers ” in oil-fields, IL, 329-332. Gyroscope—in aeronautics, III., 12; Schlick, for steadying ships, I., 358; for steering torpedoes, I., 436. H Had J, the, or sacred journey of the Moslems, I., 339. Haifa, L, 341. Half-title basins in docks, II., 177. Harbour Construction, III., 65-79 (see “ Fishguard Harbour, the Construc- tion of,” I-, 172-180). Types of breakwaters, 65 ; two main orders of waves, 65; enor- mous wave-pressures, 65 ; methods of wave stopping, 67 ; remarkable instances of wave force, 67, 68, 74 ; preliminary investigation of harbour site, 68 ; value of Portland cement in harbour work, 68 ; “ Titan ” or “ Goliath ” cranes, their respec- tive principles and advantages, 69. Cherbourg digue, 70. Plymouth breakwater, 70 ; begun by Rennie in 1811, 70 ; Rennie’s method, 71 ; the authorities interfere, slope of faces steepened, 71, 72; Rennie’s theory proved correct by a storm, 72 ; original slope re-adopted, 72 ; breakwater completed, material con- sumed, cost, 72. Holyhead break- water, 73. Alderney break- water, 73. Dublin harbour, 73 ; enormous concrete blocks used, 74. Wick harbour, 74; great mono- liths moved by waves, 74. Port- land harbour, 74 ; how the moles were formed, 74. Algiers har-