Engineering Wonders of the World
Volume III

bers, etc., III., 285 ; in manufac- ture of tubes for Victoria Bridge, I., 210 ; in tunnelling, II., 116 ; III., 149 (Mont Cenis Tunnel); III., 155, 156 (Simplon Tunnel). Excavating machinery for Chicago Drain- age Canal, III., 173; New Erie Canal, III., 169; Panama Canal, II., 146, see also “ Dredgers.” Expansion of metals, provision for in Forth Bridge, I., 330, 335. Experimental tanka for testing models of ships, I., 356. F Farman biplane, III., 23. Fell railway, III., 301-306. Ferry service in New York, II., 259. Field, Cyrus West, II., 278 ; comes to England, 279; makes agreement with Bright and Brett to found Atlantic Telegraph Company, 280 ; general manager of Atlantic Tele- graph Company, 282; congratu- lated on success of first Atlantic cable by Legislative Council of Newfoundland, 361 ; tries to raise funds in America for 1865 cable, 365; sails on 1866 expedition, 368. Filter beds, III., 204. Fires in oil-fields, II., 333, 334. Fishguard Harbour, The Construc- tion of, L, 172-180. Fishguard Bay, 172; its suit- ability for a harbour, 173 ; Brunel’s scheme, 173 ; a modern scheme by Great Western Railway Company, 175 ; work to be done, 175 ; ex- cavating the rock, 175 ; great blasts, 176; the breakwater, 176; the quay wall, 176 ; accommodation for cattle, 178 ; quay equipment, 178 ; weather-recording instruments, 179 ; Fishguard liners, 179, 180. Flagler, H. M., promoter of the Florida East Coast Extension Railway, I., 129, 139. Flat iron building, New York, II., 1, 14. Fleming, Sir Sandford, reports on and surveys route of Canadian Pacific Railway, I., 258, 259. Floating first tube of the Britannia Bridge, I., 150; spans of Saltash. Bridge, 37, 38. Florida East Coast Railway Exten- sion, The, L, 129-142. A remarkable scheme, 129; Mr. Henry M. Flagler, 129; difficult surveying, 129, 130; construction work—dredging in the swamps, 130; grading across Key Largo, 131 ; labour difficulties, 131 ; workmen’s floating hotels, 132; railway built largely from boats, 132 ; table of distances, 132, 133; the viaducts, 133; enormous quantities of material needed, 133 ; how the viaducts were built, 134; the works swept by storms, thrilling adventures, 135, 136 ; Knight’s Key terminus, 137 ; dredging in thø islands, 137 ; via- duct track 30 feet above water, 138 ; the engineers in command, 139 ; progress of the work, 139 ; lonely dwellers on the Keys, 140 ; trans- forming Key West, 140 ; cost per mile, 140 ; a wonderful journey, 141. Forced draught in ship’s stokehold, II., 33. Forth Bridge, The Story of the, I., 321-337. The Firth of Forth, 321 ; how people crossed it prior to the erection of the Forth Bridge, 321 ; barren schemes for tunnelling and bridging the firth, 322 ; Sir Thomas Bouch’s designs for a suspension bridge, 322 ; bridge begun, but abandoned, 322; the final scheme of Messrs. Fowler and Baker, a cantilever bridge, 322 ; meaning of the word “ cantilever,” 322 ; dimensions of the Forth Bridge, 322 ; the canti- levers, 323 ; the suspended girders, 323 ; main spans and approaches, 323; why the present site was chosen, 323 ; the throe towers sup- porting the cantilevers, 323 ; work commenced lat® in 1882, 324 ; care- ful measurements to fix exact sites of piers, 324; workshops, yards, etc., prepared on Queensferry shore, 325 ; the Queensferry jetty, 325 ; TWELVE CIRCULAR PIERS for the towers, 325 ; use of open and pneu- matic caissons for sinking the pier foundations, 325; soundings for Inchgarvie foundations, 325 ; sink- ing Inchgarvie south caissons, 325, 326 ; use of compressed air, 326 ; the Queensferry caissons, 326 ; float- ing them into position, 327 ; silt removed from caisson by mud ejector, 327 ; hydraulic spade for cutting the clay, 327 ; accident to a caisson, 327 ; how the damage was rectified, 327 ; air-chambers filled with concrete, 328 ; the granite piers, 328; the lower bed-plates, 329 ; facts and figures about the foundations and piers, 329. The superstructure : “ skewbacks,” 329 ; provision for expansion and contraction of the metal members, 330; key-plates and upper bed- plates, 330; their purpose and action explained, 330; preparing the giant tubes for towers and canti- levers, 331 ; erection of the steel work begun, 331 ; movable plat- forms for tower construction, 331 ; how the platforms were raised, 332 ; correcting the inclination of the columns, 332; towers completed, 332; workshops 360 feet above water, 334 ; “ Jubilee ” cranes for building out cantilevers, 334 ; canti- levers completed, 334; details of the extremities, 335 ; clever device for permitting movement of canti- levers, 335; building the central girders, 335 ; joining up the girder booms, 335, 336 ; a delicate task, 336 ; a dramatic episode, 336 ; an ingenious self-adjusting rail joint, 336; cost of the bridge, 336 ; a splendid success, 337. Foundations of Holy Trinity Church, Hull, III., 315; Royal Albert Bridge, Saltash, I., 35 ; St. Mary- Woo Inoth, III., 318; steel frame buildings, IL, 5 ; Winchester Cathe- dral, III., 313, 315; see “ Bridges.” Fowler, Sir John, designer of Forth Bridge, I., 322. Fox, C. Beresford, I., 95. Fox, Francis, III., 313. “ Freezing out,” L, 74. “ Front end ” of tunnelling shield, I., 240. [391] Froude, W., experiments with ship models, L, 356. Fuel, liquid, and its uses, II., 340; see “ Oil Fuel.” Fullard, T. Fletcher, on “ Russian Rail- ways in Central Asia,” II., 375 ; on “TheTrans-Siberian Railway,” III., 81. Fulton, H. H., I., 153. Fulton, Robert, builder of the Clermont, I., 314. Furnace—blast, III., 261 ; chargers, mechanical, 267, 270 ; electric, 273 ; open-hearth, for steel making, 265 ; tilting open-hearth, 265. G Gaiens, J. F., on “ Locomotives of To-day,” II., 193-214; on “ Elec- tric Locomotives,” II., 217-222. Gales, violent, in Cornwall, II., 441. Gares in Suez Canal, L, 251. Gas Engine, The Development of the, I., 215-226. The steam engine, 215; the energy of heat, 215 ; the internal combustion engine, 216; early gas engines, 216; Beau de Rochas’s discovery of the value of compres- sion, 216; need for cooling the cylinder, 217 ; Dugald Clerk intro- duces double-acting engine, 217 ; the gas “producer,” 217; chemi- cal action in the “ producer,” 217 ; cheap gas causes boom in gas engines, 218; Thwaite’s discovery regarding blast furnace gas, 219; uses it successfully in a gas engine,. 219; furnace gas cleaners and scrubbers, 220, 221 ; Nürnberg four-stroke double-acting engines, 221 ; two-stroke Körting engines, 221, 223; the Oechelhauser engine, 223, 224 ; huge American gas engine installations, 224; wealth in blast furnace gas, 225; an interesting cycle øf operations, blast furnace and gas engine, 225; thermal efficiency of various types of engine, 226. Gas producers, I., 217 ; chemical action in, 217 ; blast furnace as gas pro- ducer, 219. Gas, natural, in United States, IL, 339 ; sulphuretted hydrogen, encountered in Thames Tunnel, I., 191. Gatun lake, II., 139, 142. Gauge, railway—broad, Great Western Railway, I., 109 (see “ Conversion of the Gauge of the Great Western Railway ”); South. African rail- ways, II., 153; Uganda railway, II., 54. General Post Office Buildings, new, II., 430-432. Gibbon, J. M., on “The Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway,” I., 257. Giffard’s dirigible balloon, III., 1, 49. Girders—Saltash Bridge arched, I., 36, 39 ; braced, 105 ; continuous, 103 ; parabolic, 104; plate, 104; Forth Bridge suspended, I., 323, 335, 336 ; under St. Mary Woolnoth, III., 318, 319, 320; see “ Bridges” (pas- sim). Gisborne, F. N., concessionaire for tele- graph in Newfoundland, II., 276 •, sells rights to C. W. Field, 277.