Engineering Wonders of the World
Volume III

Remarkable Machinery used in the Manufacture of Iron and Steel, III., 257-271. Steel - works’ machinery, 257 ; Hulett ore unloader, 257, 258, 259 ; special ore - carrying boats, 259 ; another type of unloader, 260 ; blast furnaces, 261 ; automatic ore tips, 262; lifting magnets and “ skull crackers,” 262, 263 ; Bes- semer steel-making process, 263, 264 ; the open-hearth steel-making process, 265 ; tilting furnaces, 265 ; mechanical furnace chargers, 267 ; ladle cranes, 267 ; ingot extracting machines, 268; rolling mills, 269, 270 ; slab chargers, 270, 271 ; plate- cutting shears, 271; Goliath cranes, 271. Renard and Krebs’ dirigible balloon, III., 1, 51. Rennie, John, and the Plymouth break- water, III., 71, 72. R.E.P. monoplane, III., 28. RESERVOIRS: Ashokan, III., 104; Assouan, II., 391, foil. ; balancing, in aque- ducts, III., 179, 181 ; Beachcroft, Honor Oak, III., 201-203 ; Black- water, Kinlochleven, III., 275; Chenab Canal escape, III., 236; Chingford New, III., 198, 199; Frankley, III., 191 ; Indian, III., 244 ; Jerome Park, III., 100 ; Lake Fife, III., 246 ; Lake Whiting, III., 245 ; Liverpool aqueduct, III., 181 ; Marikanave, III., 246; Mugdock, III., 179; Old Croton, III., 99; Prescot, III., 180; Staines, III., 198 ; Walthamstow, TH., 206. Retrieving tools and pipes from oil wells, II., 329 ; artesian water wells, III., 340-342. Rhodes, Cecil, and Zambesi Bridge, I., 91 ; and African Transcontinental Telegraph, I., 193, 194, 195, 203; and Cape to Cairo Railway, II., 150-153, 158. Ribbands in shipbuilding, II., 71. Rice-growing in United States, II., 83, 85. Richardson, Charles, I., 80. Richardson, Wigham, I., 312. Rims, detachable, on motor cars, III., 330. River Tunnels of New York City, The, IL, 102-123. Sub-river tunnels of London and New York compared, 103; need for sub-river communication, 104. Croton Aqueduct Tunnel, 105; driven in the dry at great depth, 106. East River Gas Tunnel, 106; fault in river bed discovered, 106; a check, 107 ; compressed air adopted, 107 ; very fluid mud encountered, 107 ; mud penetrated 108 ; tunnel work remarkable for high air-pressures used, 108. First Hudson Tunnel, 105 ; shields con- sidered unnecessary, 108; a dis- astrous blow-out drowns twenty men, 109; pilot tunnel used to advance headings, 109 ; an unsatis- factory method, 109 ; English con- tractors take over the work, 109 ; hole in river bed plugged with hay and clay, 109 ; money troubles stop operations in 1891, 110; work re- sumed, 1902, 110; mud face baked with torches, 110; headings meet, 1904, 110; south tunnel driven at phenomenal speed, 111 ; an amus- ing incident, 111. Lower Hudson Tunnels, 111. Pennsylvania Rail- road Hudson Tunnels, 113; diffi- cult material to pierce, 113 ; screw piles used to support the tunael, 113; tunnel lined with concrete, advantages of system, 114; the shields, interesting features, 116; a curious difficulty, shield tends to rise, 116; quicksands penetrated, 116. Pennsylvania Railroad East River Tunnels, 117; four tunnels driven, 117 ; steel caissons for shafts sunk in banks, 117 ; shields, 117 ; segment erectors, 117 ; great difficulties in piercing quick- sands, 118 ; clay blanket dumped on river bed, 118 ; tedious and dan- gerous work inside the shields, 118. Battery Tunnels, 119; location, 119; frequent blow-outs, 120; an astonishing escape from drowning, 120 ; delicate operation of altering thø level of the tubes, 120, 121 ; foundation piles driven to support tunnel, 121. Steinway, Belmont, and Harlem River Tunnels, 122, 123. Roads, making, in the Norwegian moun- tains, III., 349, 350; Roman, L, 17, 18. Roebling, J. A., builds Grand Trunk Railway Bridge across Niagara gorge, III., 278 ; builds Brooklyn Bridge, II., 260. Rogers, A. B., I., 270 ; discovers pass through Selkirks, 271. Rolling mills, III., 269, 270. Rolling stock—Chicago freight subways, I., 367 ; Hedjaz Railway, L, 347, 348. Roman aqueducts, I., 16, 17 ; III., 177 ; bridges, I., 18, 19; roads, I., 17, 18 ; tools and screw, I., 20. Roosevelt, President T., and Panama Canal, IL, 140, 141, 149. Rope incline, Kikuyu escarpment, Uganda railway, II., 58. Ropes used in railroad making, I., 27. Ropeway in the Andes, a Wonderful Aerial, I.» 119-127. Location, 119; projection of, 121 ; system adopted, 121 ; diffi- culties in transporting material, 122; transporting ropes, 123 ; low temperatures, 123, 124; gradients of, 124; working of, 126; auto- matic rope - gripping device for carriers, 126; lubrication of the ropes, 127 ; value of the cableway. 127. Ross, A. M., I., 205. Rotary digger, Price’s, for tunnelling, 1, 301-303. Rotherhithe Tunnel, The, L, 49-64. Need for better cross-river facilities in East London, 49; previous schemes, the Thames Tunnel, 49 ; description of Rotherhithe Tunnel, 50 ; large diameter, 50 ; open ap- proaches, 51 ; cut-and-cover work, 52, 53 ; the shafts, 54 ; sinking the shaft caissons, 54, 55 ; use of com- pressed air, 56; the cast-iron tunnel, 56; putting in the lining, 57 ; compressed air used for driving, 57 ; air-locks and their principles, 58 ; a trial or “ pilot ” tunnel driven ahead, 58 ; the great shield for the main tunnel, 61 ; starting the shield [ 397 ] from a shaft, 61 ; advancing the shield, 61 ; “ grouting ” the lining with cement, 61 ; rate of progress, 62; a second shield started, 62; tunnel opened, 63 ; a visit to the tunnel, first impressions, 63, 64. Rouen transporter bridge, I., 289. Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash, The, L, 34-40. Designed by I. K. Brunel, 34; need for its erection, 35 ; facts and figures, 35; foundations for the piers, 35 ; sinking cylinder for cen- tral pier, 36 ; pier built, 36 ; iron work of the two main spans, a peculiar form of girder, 36, 37 ; scheme for floating the spans, 37 ; preparations made, 37 ; the launch, 38 ; first girder in position on base of piers, 38 ; general festivities, 39 ; raising the girders and building up the piers, 39 ; details of the bridge, 39, 40 ; a pathetic incident, 40. Rudyerd’s Eddystone lighthouse, L, 371. Runcorn transporter bridge, I., 294-297. Russell, John Scott, builder of Great Eastern, L, 316, 317. Russian Railways in Central Asia, II., 375-381. The Trans-Caspian Railway, 375 ; Russian pioneers in south-western Asia, 375; Russia determines to build a railway, 377 ; General Skobeleff subdues the Turcomans, 377 ; railway begun, 377 ; little grading to be done, 377 ; lack of water, supplies brought by rail, 377; encroachment of sand, measures to control it, 377; oil fuel used for engines, 378; rail-head reaches Merv, 379 ; bridging the Oxus—a curious oversight, 379 ; Samarcand reached, 379 ; a new Caspian terminus, 379 ; Russians push on from Samarcand, 379; reach Andizhan and Marghi- lan, 380 ; railway gauge and rolling stock, 380; natives as railway mechanics, 381 ; the Orenburg- Tashkent line, 381 ; future develop- ments, 381. Russian workmen, I., 73. Rust joint, L, 56. S Sack block system of constructing break- waters, III., 76. Sacred fires of Surakhany, II., 323. Saddles for suspension bridge cables— Runcorn transporter bridge, I., 295 ; Brooklyn Biidge, II., 261; Williams- burgh Bridge, II., 264 ; Manhattan Bridge, II., 270. Safety nets—at Bishop Rock lighthouse, I., 382 ; at Zambesi Bridge, L, 98. Safety switches on Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rockies, I., 278. St. Lawrence River, I., 205. St. Louis Bridge, The, IL, 163-171. The Mississippi River, 163, 166 ; an early proposal to bridge the river at St. Louis, 164; “ ice gorges,” 164 ; other physical obstacles, 164 ; James B. Eads’s plans, 164 ; rival scheme frustrated, 165 ; details of the bridge, 165; work begun, 166; pneumatic caissons adopted, 167; terrific hurricane, much damage done, 169; the steel arch super- structure, 170 ; joining up, 170 ; the roadway, 170 ; completion, 170.