Engineering Wonders of the World
Volume III

politan Life Assurance building, 17, 19 ; loftier structures to come, 20; the value of the high-speed elevator, 20. Steel-making—Bessemer process, III., 264 ; open-hearth process, 265. Steel skeleton buildings, II., 2. Stem bar of a ship, II., 73. Stephenson, George, adopts narrow gauge for his railways, I., 109; surveys route of North Wales rail- way, 147 ; makes railway track across Chat Moss, 368, 369. Stephenson, Robert, builds Britannia and Conway tubular bridges, I., 147-152; designs Victoria tubular bridge, 206; condemns Suez Canal scheme, 244. Stern frame of a ship, II., 73. Stevenson, Alan, engineer of the Skerry- vore lighthouse, I., 374. Stevenson, D. and T., engineers of Dhu Heartach lighthouse, I., 374. Stonehenge, I., 6, 13, 14. Stoney Sluices, II., 397, 398. Strathcona, Lord, drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, I., 282. Stresses in a beam, I., 102-104 ; II., 422. Strub rack for mountain railways, III., 307. Stupidity of Russian officials, L, 68. Submarine Boats, L, 427-432. Hull of a submarine, 427 ; trim- ming, ballast, and gasolene tanks, 428 ; conning tower, 430 ; means of propulsion, 430; ventilation, 430 ; armament, 431 ; submersion, 431 ; the periscope, 431 ; “ sub- mersibles,” 432; recent improve- ments, 432; also I., 396; III., 123, 124. Submarine cables, see “ Early Atlantic Cables,” IT., 277-294, 355-374 ; and “ Cables, Submarine, The Construc- tion and Laying of,” III., 357 foil. Subway, New York, see “ New York Subway,” II., 342-354. Sudds, II., 393, 394. Suez Canal, The, L, 241-256. Early canals between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, 241 ; Napoleon’s scheme for making one, 242; the overland route, 242; Lesseps’ scheme for a canal, 242 ; he surveys the route, 243 ; lakes available for part of canal, 243; opposition to the scheme, 243; Khedive grants permission, 244; British apathy, 244 ; work begun, 244 ; building Port Said, 245 ; cut- ting the canal, 245 ; labour troubles, 245 ; great dredgers employed, 246 ; the “ oalayeur,” 247 ; amount of material removed, 247 ; canal com- pleted, 248 ; cost, 248 ; need for improvements, 248; lighting the canal by electricity, 249; bank protection, 249; widening opera- tions, 250 ; a rock-breaking dredger, 251 ; “ gares ” or sidings, 251 ; how stranded or sunken vessels are dealt with, 251, 252; blasting a wreck, 252; the block system of controlling traffic, 253 ; rules and regulations, 253 ; traversing the canal, 254 ; further improvements, 255; traffic statistics, 255; finan- cial position of the company, 256. Superheater, Schmidt’s, II., 256. Superheating steam, its effect and economy, II., 256. Suparstition of African natives, I., 100. Surveying for Bergen-Kristiania Rail- way, III., 349; Canadian Pacific Railway, L, 258, 270, 271, 272; Chicago freight subways, I., 363; Florida East Coast Extension Rail- way, I., 129, 130 ; Gunnison canyon, IL, 95, 97 ; Jungfrau Railway, III., 307 ; Simplon Tunnel, III., 155; Union Pacific Railway, III., 131. Suspension bridges, principles, I., 106 ; Brooklyn, II., 260, 261 ; Man- hattan, II., 266-270 ; Menai Straits, I., 142-145; Niagara Falls and Clifton, ITI., 278,282-287; Williams- burgh, II., 261-266. Swing aqueduct, Barton, I., 167. Swing bridges on Manchester Ship Canal, I., 165. Switches, safety, on Canadian Pacific Railway, L, 278. Syphons in aqueducts, III., 179, 187 ; Severn, Birmingham aqueduct, 191 ; Teine, Birmingham aqueduct, 191. T Taboot, II., 389. Tabor, E. EL, on “ The Rother hi the Tunnel,” I., 49-64. Tanks, experimental, for testing ship models, I., 356. Tanks, irrigation, in India, III., 244. Tartar, I., 423. Tebuk, I., 345. Telegraph, African Transcontinental, see “ African Transcontinental Tele- graph,” I., 193-204. Telegraph poles—iron, I., 199; erecting, L, 199 ; damaged by wild animals and vegetation, 200; living, on Uganda railway, II., 63. Telegraph ships, Tit., 362. Telephone installation in Severn Tunnel, I., 85 ; value of, 85. Telford, Thomas, his bridge at Glouces- ter, I., 79 ; makes road from Shrewsbury to Holyhead, 142; bridges the Menai Straits, 142-146. Teredo navalis, or wood-boring worm, Brunel’s Thames Tunnel shield based upon its boring action, I., 185. Thames Tunnel, The, I., 181-192. An extraordinary engineering feat, 181 ; early schemes for tunnelling the Thames, 182; Brunel’s pro- posal, 182; dimensions of tunnel, 182 ; tunnel company formed, 182 ; sinking first shaft caisson, 183; underpinning the caisson, 185 ; pro- vision for drainage, 185 ; the great shield, 185 ; method of excavation, 186; advancing the shield, 186; a mistaken policy, 188 ; first irrup- tion of the river, 189 ; the tunnel cleared, 1S9 ; second irruption, 189 ; funds exhausted, 190 ; Government advances money, 190 ; new shigld installed, 190; further inroads of water, 191 ; a curious subsidence of ground, 191 ; communication estab- lished, Brunel knighted, 191 ; tunnel opened, 192. Thermal efficiencies of various types of engine, I., 226. Thompson, A. Beeby, on “ Engineering in the World’s Oil Fields,” IL, 321. Thompson ladder excavator for tunnel- ling, I., 301. Thomson, Professor William (Lord Kel- vin), II., 280; his reflecting galva- [ 399 ] nometer, 293, 294 ; starts with sec- ond Atlantic cable-laying expedition, 355 ; counsels perseverance, 357 ; his appreciation of Sir Charles Bright’s work, 364; represents Atlantic Telegraph Company on 1865 expedition, 368 ; and on 1866 expedition, 369. Three-wire system of transmitting electric current, III., 227. Threshing machines, III., 295. Thwaite, Benjamin Howarth, discovers that blast furnace gas is suitable for use in gas engines, I., 219 ; in- vents scrubbers to clean the gas, 220 ; reaps no profit from his in- ventions, 226. Tidal wave floods Severn Tunnel, I., 85. Timber docks, II., 185. Time-table of Trans-Caspian Railway, II., 381. Titan cranes, I., 176 ; III., 69. Toggles, adjustment, for bridge canti- levers, III., 281, 283, 284. Tonnage, gross and net, of ships, I., 352. Tools, ancient, I., 19, 20; a colossal tool, II., 382-384. Torpedoes, I-, 433-441. General description, 433; cost, 433 ; the “ head,” 434 ; air-cham- ber, 435 ; balance chamber, 435 ; engine chamber, 436; buoyancy chamber, 436 ; gyroscope for steer- ing, 436 ; tail section, 437 ; range increased by air heater, 437 ; speed, 437 ; Bliss - Leavitt torpedo, 437 ; firing the torpedo, 437. Control- lable torpedoes, 438 ; Brennan tor- pedo, 438; Sims-Edison torpedo, 438 ; wireless steered, 439; crew- less submarine boats, 439, 440; torpedo nets, 440; also spar tor- pedo, 418. Torpedo Craft, The Development of, L, 418-425. Early types, 418; torpedo gun- boats, 419 ; destroyers, 419 ; the Turbinia, 422; turbine driven de- stroyers, 422 ; the Tartar class of destroyer, 423; description of a destroyer, 424; modern torpedo boats, 424; oil fuel, 425; motor- driven craft, 425 ; also 393. Tower subway, L, 228. Towers of Famatina cableway, I., 122; of Forth Bridge, 323, 331, 332. Track-throwers, mechanical, II., 147. Traffic on Cape to Cairo Railway, II., 158. Train-ferry Angara, L, 78. Train-ferry Baikal, I., 65-78. Transformers, electric current, III., 227- Transmission lines for electric power— Electric Development Company’s, II., 310 ; Niagara Falls Power Com- pany’s, 303; Ontario Power Com- pany’s, 306. Transportation Canalsof the United States, IIL, 163-176. The value of inland waterways, 163 ; statistics of United States canals, 163; canals temporarily crushed by railroad competition, 164 ; great projects now afoot for bringing canal system up to date, 164, 165 ; past history of the canals, 165. Old Erie Canal, 165; begun in 1777, completed 1825, 165 ; wane of the canal’s importance, 167; electric towage tried, 167. New Erie Canal, 168; new system of pneumatic locks to be used, 168;