Efficiency Methods
An Introduction to Scientific Management

26 EFFICIENCY METHODS organization in most countries has been greatly modified to admit of the utilization of the expert ; though it is not graded or arranged according to function. Mr. Harrington Emerson advocates a type of management very much resembling this, under the name of “ Line and Staff Organization.” It is a notable departure from Taylor principles. The “ position ” sequence is followed in a “ line ” of delegated powers, and “ functional ” assistance is supplied by a staff of experts, who advise but do not issue orders. Mr. Emerson, indeed, considers that the modern German army was created by Bismarck and von Moltke departing somewhat from the old form of army organization and adopting the “ principles of efficiency.”1 We must now remind the reader that this is only a preliminary survey of what is meant by manage- ment, and that he should read the following chapters before he criticizes the new methods in detail, and discusses the extent to which they are applicable to different types of industries. But the first criticism that is naturally made of Taylor’s conceptions is that the workman has no freedom to select his own methods; he is merely to obey with precision detailed written instructions. The “ efficiency men ” do not countenance “ rule of thumb ” methods. This new conception of management brings a new conception of the connection between employer 1 “ Twelve Principles of Efficiency,” chap. i.