A Treatise On The Principles And Practice Of Harbour Engineering

viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. BREAKWATER DESIGN. Importance of Breakwaters—Regime—The Sea Wave—Form, Height, and Length— Breaking Waves—Dynamical Value—Measurement of Wave Stroke—Dynamometers—Recorded Pressures—Instances of Wave Action—Classification of Breakwaters—Comparison in Cost of Construction and Maintenance and in Efficiency—Conditions of Stability— Stresses in Wall Breakwaters — Summation of Type Characteristics — Examples of Breakwater Design at Genoa, Marseilles, Algiers, Sandy Bay, Tynemouth, and elsewhere,...............................................pp. 111-148 CHAPTER VII. BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION. Mound Construction—Barge System: Loading, Aligning, Discharging—Staging System: Erection and Maintenance, Trackways — Low Level System — Wall Construction : Staging and End-on Systems—Functions of Titans, Mammoths, and Goliaths—Caisson System—Foundations: Nature and Characteristics—Settlement—Wall Foundations— Piers—Piling—Limiting Loads—Surface Treatment—Levelling—Benching—Déposition of Conerete under Water—Bagwork—Block-Making—Bond—Sloping Bond—Grouting —Minor Breakwaters—Crib and Box Work—Fascine Work—Examples of Breakwater Construction from Tynemouth, Alderney, Zeebrugge, Cette, Bilbao, Bizerta, and Dover, . ............ pp. 149-186 CHAPTER VIII. PIERHEADS, QUAYS, AND LANDING-STAGES. Importance of Pierheads — Forms adopted — Main Features—Lighthouses and Harbour Lights —Examples of Pierheads at Toulon, Sunderland, and Pillau—Quays—Landing Stages: Fixed and Floating—Pontoons—Conditions of Stability—Centre of Buoyancy an<f Metacentre—Case of Semi-immersed Pontoon—General Case—Case of Ballasted Pontoon—Internal Stresses in Pontoons—Liverpool Landing Stage, . pp. 187-221 CHAPTER IX. ENTRANCE CHANNELS. Variation in Conditions—Features of a Tidal Régime—Blind Channels—Variable Channels —Fixed Channels— Accretion and Réclamation—Navigable Routes—Bars and their Origin—Training Works for Channels—Groynes—Walls—Fascines—Wave Traps— Height and Extent of Training Walls—Dredging Appliances—Mechanical Eroders— Rock-cutting—Suction Dredgers—Sluicing—Instances of Channel Regulation Works at the mouth of the River Weser, Germany ; at Tampico Harbour, Mexico; at Westport Harbour, New Zealand ; at the mouth of the Richmond River, New South Wales; and at the Ports of Ostend, Belgium, and of New York, U.S.A.,. . . pp. 222-249 CHAPTER X. CHANNEL DEMARCATION. Value of Systematic Démarcation—Regulation and Supervision of Channel Marks—In- dependence of Authorities— Fundamental Characteristics of Signais—Beacons—Buoys —National Systems—Trinity House Régulations—Design of Buoys—Channel Lighting —Luminous Buoys—Wigham Burner—Pintsch System—Liglitships—Suspension of Floating Lights—Luminous Beacons and Lighthouses—Incandescent Burners—Light Concentration — Reflectors and Lenses—Catoptric, Dioptrie, and Catadioptric Systems— Range of Light—Identification of Stations—Sound Signais—Audible Buoys, pp. 250-278