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12
HARBOUR ENGINEERING
a slightly different classification based on the object to be attained. From
this standpoint there are three important divisions, as follows : —
(1) Harbours of Refuge.
(2) Commercial Harbours.
(3) Fishery Harbours.
Though fundamentally in unison, and oftentimes found in combination
the designs of these three classes are sufficiently distinct to justify us in
Scale of Feet:
Fig. 6. —Peterhead Harbour of Refuge.
treating them separately, describing their particular functions and enumerating
their special requirements.
Harbours of Refuge. —The principal duty of a Harbour of Refuge is, as
the name implies, to provide a refuge for vessels overtaken by sudden stress
of weather, or otherwise hard pressed or disabled. The proper loccde for the
construction of such harbours is obviously at conveniently accessible stations
upon coasts which are inhospitable and dangerous. Yet, manifest as is the
desideratum, the means of its accomplishment is not so obvious, and the
subject has given rise to some conflict of opinion. Is the proper position for
a harbour of refuge upon an outstanding frontage or within a bay? Ought
it to be projected into the open, or recessed within the coast-line? In the
former case, the goal is more easily reached and less delay is incurred in
putting out again to sea; on the other hand, there is greater exposure, and
this endangers the ingress of vessels, rendering them more liable to miss the
entrance, in which case they will probably be driven on to the shore. Yet
the risk of ultimate catastrophe must necessarily be greater in the case of a