Steam:
Its Generation and Use

 71-63 after 18,654.5 44.00 90.47 14.94 l6,4l6 292 19,827 20,119 820 19'299 749 2-134 2,883 □oooooou Boiler-House and Chimney for Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at Somerset! ■ Manufacturing Co.'s Woolen Mills, Raritan, N> J. 1,080 H. P. (KOOO.V3 coco ooou □uoooooou entirely independent records, agreeing with those taken by my assistants. The coal used was clean nut coal from the Lackawanna region. It had been exposed to the weather during the winter, and when first taken from the pile was wet, but a sufficient quantity for the trial was brought under shelter a few days in advance, so that the coal actually used was bright and appeared dry. The results of the trial are as follows : Average steam pressure, .... Average temperature, “ “ of fire room, “ “ of water in feed tank, “ “ of water entering boiler passing through a heater in flue, 110.59 “ “ of up-take boiler No. 1 by py- rometer (evidently wrong), . 381.87 » “ of flue beyond feed water heater 453.23 Wood used in starting fires, 730 lbs., equivalent of coal (730 x .4)_________________________'“s- Coal put in furnaces during experiment, Total of above______________________ Combustible in refuse at close of experiment, . “ Total coal consumed, including equivalent of wood,.......................................lbs- Refuse from coal removed during experiment, Refuse from coal at close of experiment, Total,__________________________ Actual per centage of refuse, (2,883 -5- 19,299 x 100 =) . .... Combustible consumed, (19,299 — 2,883 = ) • lbs- Coal with 12 per cent, refuse agreed upon, equiv- alent to that actually consumed, [16,416-7- (xoo-i2)=] . . • • lbs-> Total weight of water actually evaporated at pressure of 71.63 lbs. from temperature 110.59°, ......................lbs- i6i’573-28 Equivalent evaporation at pressure of 70 lbs. from temperature of i8oQ, as agreed upon, 172,592.58 Evaporation per lb. of coal, with 12 per cent, of refuse, at pressure of 70 lbs. from tem- perature of ________________________ Evaporation per lb. of combustible, atmos. press. from temp, of 2120,_________________II.0Z Calorimeter Trials. The calorimeter consisted of a simple barrel set on a platform scale. The scale beam was grad- uated for half-pounds only; but by applying thereto an extra movable weight, one-tenth that of the other, carefully leveling the platform, and in weighing bringing the end of the beam just clear of the guard, it was possible to read to one-tenth, or even .05 of a pound. In an in- clined position, through the side of the barrel, was fixed a ther- mometer graduated to 54 de- grees, and readily read to % de- grees. A small iron propeller on a vertical shaft was arranged in the barrel. In operations, the barrel was nearly filled with cold water, which was heated with steam, when the increase in weight showed the weight of steam taken from the boiler, and the increase in temperature measured the quan- tity of heat in the steam. The steam was taken from the boiler near the issuing current, through a 2-inch pipe reduced outside of the boiler to X °f an inc^> an<^ again near the outer end by an inserted nipple to of an inch, substantially on the plan recom- mended in a previous article on the subject.* To the end of the steam-pipe a short piece of hose was connected through a valve ; the pipe was carefully felted, and was heated previous to each experiment by wasting steam through it before putting the hose into the calorimeter. The end of the hose was perforated in sever- al directions, to avoid the jar due to condensation. Seventeen experiments were made during the day ; one was * Report of Judges, Group XX., Cen- tennial Exhibition, p. 82. 1OOQCOQOO OrO OOOOOO 82