Some Engineering Problems Of The Panama Canal In Their Relation To Geology And Topography

HEATING OF LOCAL AREAS OF GROUND. 71 Gaillard, D. D. Culebra Cut and the problem of the slides. Sei. Am., vol. 107, Nov. 9, 1912, pp. 388-390. Howe, Ernest. Landslides in the San Juan Mountains, Colo., including a con- sideration of their causes and their classification. U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 67, 1909, 58 pp. Isaacs, J. D. Stopping a troublesome slide at a summit tunnel. Jour. Assn. Eng. Soc., vol. 15, September, 1895, pp. 113-123. MacDonald, D. F. Excavation deformations. Trans. 12th Int. Geol. Cong., 1913, Ottawa, Canada. ------ Slides in the Culebra Cut at Panama. A review of geological conditions in the canal site, together with a description of the types of slides and their causes. Eng. Record, vol. 66, Aug. 31, 1912, pp. 228-233. — Sliding ground in Culebra Cut. Eng. News, vol. 70, No. 9, Aug. 28, 1913, p. 408. ■ The landslides of Culebra Cut. Annual Report of Isthmian Canal Commis- sion, 1912, pp. 205-214. Merrick, A. W. The clay slide at the Boone Viaduct, Boone, Iowa. Jour. West. Soc. Eng., vol. 11, June, 1906, pp. 332-339. M itchell, G. E. Landslides and rock avalanches. Nat. Geographic Mag., vol. 21, April, 1910, pp. 277-287. Molitor, David. Landslides. Jour. Assn. Eng. Soc., vol. 13, January, 1894, pp. 12-32. Rice, G. S. A suggested method of preventing rock slides. Discussion. Jour. West. Soc. Eng., vol. 18, No. 7, September, 1913. Rohwer, H. Discussion on earth slides. Am. Ry. Eng. and Maintenance of Way Assn. Bull. 90, August, 1907, pp. 4-10. ------ Earth slides. Eng. Record, vol. 56, Oct. 5, 1907, pp. 374-375. Russell, I. C. Landslides. Part of a preliminary paper on the geology of the Cas- cade Mountains in northern Washington. U. S. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., 1898-99, pt. 2, pp. 193-204. Engineering Record. The railway landslide at Cleveland. Vol. 48, Nov. 14, 1903, p. 584. Van Horn, F. R. Landslide accompanied by buckling, and its relation to local anticlinal folds. Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 20, 1910, pp. 625-632. Zinn, A. S. The truth about the Culebra Cut slides, Panama Canal. Eng. News, vol. 70, Aug. 28, 1913, pp. 406-408. HEATING OF LOCAL AREAS OF GROUND IN CULEBRA CUT. Under date of February 12, 1912, Col. D. D. Gaillard, the division engineer of the central division, reported to Col. G. W. Goethals, the chief engineer, as follows regarding heated material on the west side of Culebra Cut at Culebra: ENGINEER’S REPORT OF CONDITIONS. A little less than three weeks ago I noticed that the material, which consisted of stratified, sedimentary rock, among which there appeared some lignite of a low grade, was sending up in the early morning quite a thick cloud of white steam or vapor. I examined the spot a day or two afterwards and found that for a width of about 20 feet, a length of about 100 feet, and a depth of about 15 feet the entire mass of material recently blasted appeared to be heated to a considerable temperature. Steam was escaping from numerous small openings and from four principal vente or openings; the smallest of the four being about 3 inches in diameter, and the largest about 1 foot.