Some Engineering Problems Of The Panama Canal In Their Relation To Geology And Topography

______ _______________________ CONTENTS. _____________ Introduction.............................................................. Acknowledgments......................................................... Relation of different factors to engineering problems......................... Topographic types.................................................... Hill type......................................................... Coastal-plain type................................................. Climate_____________.____-........................................................... Range of temperature............................................. Rainfall.......................................................... Agricultural and forest products.______.................................... Streams................................______________________________ Relation of streams to canal construction........................... ........................................................ Valleys_____________________- -........................................................... Bays, harbors, and shore conditions................-................................. General geology of the Canal Zone in its engineering relations................ General engineering relations.......................................... Rock formations and specific engineering relations...................... Bas Obispo formation..................................___________ Las Cascadas agglomerate.......................................... Bohio conglomerate............................................... Culebra formation................................................. Cucuracha formation............................................... Empcrador limestone.............................................. Caimi to formation................................................ Gatun formation.................................................. Panama formation................................................. Toro limestone.................................................... Pleistocene formations............................................. Igneous rocks_________________________________________________________ Granodiorite______________________________________________________ Diorite___________________________________________________________ Andesite.......................................................... Rhyolite.......................................................... Basalt............................................................ __...................................................... Lava-mud flows................................................... Stability of the isthmus____________........................................ Structural geology in relation to engineering................................ ................................................ Folding____________________________________________________________ Faulting and shearing...............................................‘ Submarine escarpment at Panama Bay........................... Fissuring and jointing................................................. Intrusions.......................................................... Page. 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 14 16 16 19 19 20 20 21 22 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 32 34 35 3