Kallundborg Kirke

antik Tid3 (Fig. 32, 33). Men dette afslører kun den Kendsger; ning, at Plantypen ret tidligt er benyttet i Overensstemmelse med den romerske Kejsertids Hvælvings; og Kuppelkonstruk; Fig. 36. Kathedralen i Bagaran. Armenien. Plan. — The Cathedral at Bagaran. Armenia. Plan. tioner og til Udformning af mere sammensatte Rumkomposi; tioner, som det netop fremgaar af Fra Giacondos efterladte Tegning. Thi i denne Bygning maa Typen ogsaa i Opbygning have været formet som et Centralanlæg med Midtkuplen hæ; vet op over lavere Partier og det er atter i denne Udformning Typen — tydeligt nok som ren antik Arv — forekommer tid; ligt i Middelalderen, hvor den faar en frodig Udvikling i Orienten, særlig i Lilleasien og Armenien, og i Bysantz skulde naa de største Resultater. I sin Renhed, men udvidet med fire aksialt anbragte Absi; der, er Plantypen med denne Opbygning repræsenteret af Ka; thedralen i Bagaran i Armenien, opført 624—31. Kuppelkva; draten bæres her af fire Piller, der afstives af de kvadratiske Hjørnepartier, medens Tøndehvælvingerne ind mod Kuppel; kvadraten støttes af Absidernes Halvkupler 4. Statisk er denne Bygning upaaklageligt gennemført (Fig. 36). Samme Tanke som i Domkirken i Bagaran gaar igen i Kir; ken St. Goiana ved Etschmiadzin, opført i Tiden mellem ca. 628 og ca. 640, dog kun med een østlig Apsis, der er flankeret af Siderum, et Motiv, der her skyldes lithurgiske Hensyn (Fig. 38). En Bygning som denne staar den byzantinske Korskuppel; kirke meget nær 5. Men det maa stærkt understreges, at Lig; heden er en rent overfladisk. Thi den byzantinske Korskuppel« kirke, klarest og smukkest repræsenteret i Agia Irene i Kon; stantinopel fra Justinians første Regeringsaar, har den sæd; vanlige Plantype af rektangulær Grundform, og hele denne store Gruppe af Kirkebygninger falder derfor typologisk set ganske udenfor den Plantypes, der alene har Interesse for Stu; diet af Kallundborg Kirke. Og dog er der mangfoldige byzan; tinske Korskuppelkirker, hvor en kvadratisk Plan i Forbindelse med Kuppel over Midtpartiet udgør den egentlige Kærne i Anlæget som i den i 10de Aarh. opførte Myrileion Kirke i this type of construction is represented by the cathedra! of Bagaran in Armenia, built 624—631. The square of the dorne is here carried aloft by four columns, which gain additional support from the square corner sections, while the barrel; vaults toward the drum of the dome are supported by the semi;domes of the apses 4. From the point of view of statics this buildings is perfectly constructed (Fig. 36). The same thought which underlies the cathedra! in Baga; ran is also found in the church of St. Goiana near Etschmiad; zin, built between 628—640, though with only one eastern apse and that flanked by side;chambers, a motive here due to litur; gical considerations (Fig. 38). Such a building as this is closely related to the Byzantine domed churches in the form of a cross 5. Let me strongly emphasize the faet that the similarity is but a surface resemblance. The Byzantine domed churches in the form of a cross, most clearly and beautifully represented by Agia Irene in Constantinople, from the first years of the reign of Emperor Justinian, are of the ordinary type of plan with a square foundation. Therefore this entire great group of church buildings is, typologically speaking, quite distinct from those of interest to us in our study of Kallundborg Church. To be sure there are many Byzantine domed churches in the form of a cross in which a square plan combined with a dome over the central section forms the actual heart of the construction, as the Myrileinon Church in Constantinople °, built in the lOth century (Fig. 37). Even where the section of the dome is not combined with an interior square, but with an octagonal plan, as in the church of Sergios and Bakchos in Constantinople from the middle of the 6th century (Fig. 38), which was the point of departure for St. Sophia itself, the type of plan under discus; sion still forms the basis, even though the construction may vary much from the more primitive form inherited from an; tiquity. All this shows as clearly as possible how frequent this very plan had become in Byzantine church architecture,— doubtless a natural result of the faet that from the point of view of statics its connection with the dome motive could be made in a very clear and natural way. It is perhaps more important, however, to trace the fate of the above type of plan in Italy and the countries north of the Alps, which are more closely allied to Kallundborg Churcli botli geographically and culturally. In northern Italy, in the church of San Lorenzo in Milan, we find a building, which, in The Church of St. Myrileion. Constantinople. Plan. 30