Efficiency Methods
An Introduction to Scientific Management

INTRODUCTION 9 when only fifty-eight years of age. His earlier work has been translated into French, German, Dutch, Russian, Italian, Swedish, Lettish, Mexican and Japanese; the later one into the four first languages. The names of the leaders in the efficiency move- ment are now many. A few may be selected, perhaps, without being invidious, for the reason that their work has been more expressed in published writings, though this may very easily fail to measure their actual contribution to achievements on the new lines. Mr. H. L. Gantt, like Mr. Barth, may be called a direct pupil of Dr. Taylor. He modified Dr. Taylor’s method of payment to a bonus system, in which there was no penalty for falling behind time—an arrangement which has been more generally popular. He has been the means of introducing the system into a considerable number of diverse establishments. Mr. Sanford E. Thomp- son has not written much besides his excellent study of “ Concrete Costs ” (with the co-operation of Dr. Taylor), but his records and explanations of time-study and setting of tasks, also of negotiations with workmen, are extremely valuable. On the subject of time-study, however, Mr. F. B. Gilbreth has done the closest and most scientific work, and it is still proceeding. He begins with motion- study, where the nature of motions is studied, as well as their time, by means of moving pictures and other ingenious devices. He has combined with motion-study very sound and serious fatigue-study.