Steam:
Its Generation and Use

__________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ PAGE. Efficiency of furnace................................ 45 “ of pumping machinery.................... 47 “ “ “ for feeding boilers.... 75 Elbows in pipes. Resistance of...................... 73 Electric lighting. Babcock & Wilcox boilers used for.. 99 “ light stations. Edison, New York........... 76 ______________ “ Milan................ 98 Emery. Chas. E. Experiments, 1866-8.............. 59 “ “ Formula for Calorimeter........... 83 “ “ Table of non-conductors......... 77 “ “ “ pumping machinery....... 47 “ “ Test at Raritan .................81—84 Energy of confined steam........................... 9 “ of heated water............................. .............................. Engines. Efficiency of.............................. 47 Engineering Works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers... 104 Erection of Babcock & Wilcox boilers............... 35 Explosion at Washington, D. C., illustrated.......... 10 “ at Westchester, Pa.......................11, 13 “ of “safety” boilers ...................... 13 Explosions. Average yearly......................... 9 “ Causes of..............................9,11 ....... “ due to stayed surfaces.................. 11 “ How to provide against_________________ 11 “ Importance of providing against________ 9 “ in 1880 and 1887......................... !» “ Mystery of.........................................9,11 Expansion of air at different temperatures ......... 57 “ “ steam at different temperatures......... 49 “ “ water at different temperatures......... 51 “ Unequal. Danger from..................9,39 Export Houses & Babcock and Wilcox boilers________115 Eucalyptus for incrustation_________....................... 63 Evaporation. Formula for.......................... 80 “ Relative, at different temperatures..... 49 Evaporative efficiency of B. & W. boilers __...43, 81—92 “ “ of different fuels.............53,55 Eve’s water-tube boiler, 1825........................ 23 PAGE. Breweries using Babcock & Wilcox boilers........... 112 Brick Yards using Babcock & Wilcox boilers......... Ill Brief History of water-tube boilers.................. 33 Cable Railways using Babcock & Wilcox boilers...... 105 Calorie. Value of......................................................... 51 Calorimeter......................................... 74 “ Barrus’s................................74, 82 “ Construction of barrel.................... 82 “ Formula for.............................. 83 “ Limit to................................74,80 Capacity of Babcock & Wilcox boilers..............39,41 “ Steam and Water, in boilers.................... 39 Care of boilers............... ................................. T8 Car Makers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers.......... 112 Carnot’s cycle................................................... 19 “ “ illustrated__________ _______........................ Carpet Mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers......... 109 Caution necessary.................. ............ 13 Cement covering for pipes........................... 77 Centennial awards....................................................._ 85 “ Babcock & Wilcox boilers at__________44, 45, 85 Centralstations. Heating from...................... 65 Chemicals for preventing scale___________.................... 63 ...... Cheap jacketing for steam pipes............................. 77 Chimney at Bird-Coleman Furnace.................. 61 “ at Pennsylvania Steel Company............ 63 “ at Somerset! Manufacturing Co............ 82 “ Gases. Loss of heat through_______17, 19, 43, 53 “ Stacks. Iron.......... ..........................61,62 “ “ “ bracing______________________ 62 Chimneys.................................. ..... .49, 53, 60, 61, 62, 82 “ Area of____________................................. 61 “ Capacity of.................................................. 61 “ Diagram for draft and air delivered........ 61 “ Draft of.................................61,62 “ Effect of temperature on draft of.. ......60, 61 “ Formula for.................. ........................60,61,62 “ Stability of............................... 62 “ Table of Horse Power of. ............. 62 Circulation of water in boilers................................. 9 “ “ “ in Babcock & Wilcox boilers... 38, 39 Coal used annually................................. 7 Coals. Table of American...................................... 53 Coffee and Spice Mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers. 114 Color. Effect of, on radiation..................... 77 Color of fire at different temperatures............. 55 Columbia College Boilers of........................ <58 Combustibles. Table of........................................................ 53 “ Value of different..................53,55 Combustion.......................................17, 45 “ Air required for......................... 53 “ Distribution of heat of____......................... 17 “ in Babcock & Wilcox boilers.................... 37 “ of smoke......................................................... 47 “ Rapidity of, does not affect total heat...... 17 “ “ of, limit to.._______________17,19,44 “ Temperature of.......................53. 55 Conducting power of various substances............. 77 Construction of Babcock & Wilcox boilers........... 35 Cork chips for covering pipes....................................... 77 Cost of repairs of Babcock & Wilc.ox boilers_____33, 93—96 Cotton Exposition, N. O. Babcock & Wilcox boilers at 40 “ Mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers......107, 108 “ stalks for fuel_________............................... Covering for steam pipes, etc....................... 'i'~ Feeding boilers.................................. 9, 11, 13 Dangerous boilers.........__ ____ __........ Defective boilers. Proportion of, in use.... ........... Denton. Prof. J. E., on dry and wet steam. Diagram of Centennial boiler tests.__.... “ of draft and capacity of chimneys .......... “ of heat in steam.............. .................... Distillers and Brewers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers Dixwell’s experiments on superheated steam...... Draft of chimneys.......................________ Dripps’ Boiler Works, Washington. Explosion at. Drying by steam............................... Dry steam______________________________________ Durability. Attention necessary to secure. . “ of Rabcock & Wilcox boilers. , Dust in tubes. 74 85 61 112 60, 61 .10, 11 74, 83 ____________J_____________ . ..79 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. .13, 33, 42, 93—96 Effect of.............................. 41 .........51, 53 .49, 50, 106, 107 ............ 4 ................. ............ 78 ............ 43 ........... 75 ............ 76 ......................................... ............ 98 ............. 43 ........... 47 ............ 19 Economizers. Fuel..........__........... “ Babcock & Wilcox .. ... Economy and safety in steam generation “ Attention necessary to secure. “ in steam...................... “ of high pressure steam........ Edison Central Station, New York...... “ “ “ Milan.............. Efficiency of boilers.................. “ of engines............ ..................... “ “ Theoretical.......... Feed-water heaters, Independent................106, 107 “ saving by heating.....................51, 75 Felting for steam pipes, etc ..................... .. 77 Firing. Effect in economy of different.............. 47 Fire. Temperature of, color, etc___________________ 55 Fire-tubes. Collection of dust in................................ 41 Flax Mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers........... 109 Flour Mills “ “ “ “ .......... 113 Flow of steam from orifices........................73, 74 “ “ through pipes........................ 73 Fluid. The best, for heat engines................... 21 Formulas for calorimeter........................... 83 “ “ chimneys.........................60, 61, 62 “ “ density of steam...................... 48 “ “ efficiency of heat engines.............19, 21 “ “ evaporation........................... 80 “ “ flow of steam in pipes................. 73 “ '• “ from orifices.................... 73 “ “ stability of chimneys.. >................ 62 “ “ weight and volume of air........ ............. 57 Freedom for expansion in Babcock & Wilcox boilers... 39 Fuel.............................................53-55 “ American coals, table of........................................ 53 “ Bagasse for. Value of........................ 55 “ Combustible in................................ 53 “ Economizers................................... 51 “ Evaporative efficiency of ...................... 17 “ Furnace should suit kind of..................... 47 “ Natural gas for. Value of...................... 55 “ Peat for. Value of............................. 55 “ Petroleum for. Value of......................58,55 “ Rate of combustion of......................... 17 “ Saving in, by heating feed-water...............51, 75 “ Sawdust for. Value of________........................ 55 “ Slack for. Value of........................... 55 “ Straw for. Value of.......................... 55 “ Tan bark for. Value of....................... 55 “ Wood for. Value of............................53,55 Furnace. Efficiency of.............................. 45 Gallon. U. S. Standard............................ 50 “ Imperial.................................. 50 “ of petroleum. Weight of.................. 55 Gases. Chimney. Analysis of..................... 47 “ “ Amount of per pound of coal..... 60 Loss of heat through________17, 19, 43 “ Natural, for fuel. Value of ................ 55 “ Waste, for fuel...........................50, 57 Gas-lighting. B. & W. boilers used in plants for ..... 100 Generating steam.................................. 17 Glue Works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers......... 106 Gold. Heat in melted........................... 15,17 Grain and Flour Mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers.. 113 Griffith’s water-tube boiler, 1821....................... 23 Gurney’s “ “ “ 1826 ...................... 23,25 _______________ __________ 118 _______________________________________