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io6 THE SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT
what the flaring bow lines of a speed boat. These features
will materially aid in overcoming the inherent tendency
of the vessel to dive when approaching the critical speed.
A greater reserve buoyancy may be acquired if it is de-
sired by fitting the scuppers with shutters or valves to
make the sides of the superstructure watertight when on
the surface.
The ballast and the fuel tank systems should be fitted
with both pumping connections and connections for quick
emptying by means of blowing with compressed air. The
pumping system should comprise both motor driven pumps
and hand pumps, all to be capable of pumping against the
maximum depth of submergence. The air system should
comprise a high pressure air storage reservoir, for storing
up sufficient air for torpedoes, ventilation and blowing,
and a set of reducing valves for bringing the pressure down
from the storage pressure to that of a low pressure system
for use in blowing and other operations.
Positive depth gauges must be fitted for telling the depth
of submergence by registering the pressure of the outside
water. These should be large so as to be easily read and
must be of extreme sensitiveness.
Automatic means for controlling the depth of submer-
gence should also be installed arranged in such a way as to
blow the tanks if the desired deptli is by any chance
exceeded or by altering the angle of the hydroplane or
diving rudder in order to bring the vessel back to the
desired depth.
The conning tower should be constructed so as to be
capable of operation as an air lock to assist the members
of the crew to escape from the vessel if it should be found
necessary. Oxygen helmets should also be provided for