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156
THE SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT
this work they have successfully outwitted well-executed
anti-submarine tactics by torpedo craft and gunfire.
The British E-9 succeeded in torpedoing and sinking
the light German cruiser Hela in Heligoland Bight and
escaping from a pursuing flotilla of German destroyers;
on another occasion she successfully torpedoed the Ger-
man destroyer S-126 off the mouth of the Ems River
while running at high speed. There is also little doubt
that it is the menace of the submarines which caused the
British main fleet to maintain its base remote from the
North Sea, and at the same time it is unquestionably due
to the presence of the British submarines employed in
these waters and off the German ports that the immobility
of the German battle fleet is in a great part responsible.
The earliest success of the German submarines was
the sinking of the British cruiser Pathfinder while patrol-
ling the North Sea at slow speed. Within two weeks
after this the German U-9 succeeded in destroying the
Hogue, Aboukir and Cressy all within a few minutes of
each other off the Hook of Holland. The attack was
made just after daybreak when the U-9 found herself
confronted with these three cruisers all within 1,000 yards
of each other and steaming along at about 7 knots an
hour. Next, the Hawke was caught in the North Sea
and the Formidable was sunk while cruising at slow speed
and engaged in bombarding the Belgian coast. The
English gunboat Niger was sunk, while at anchor, in the
open roadstead of Deal.
The success of the Germans, it has been asserted, in
the attacks upon the Theseus and the Russian cruiser
Pallada, was effected by the use of a neutral flag. It was
reported in each case that a merchant or fishing vessel