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IO
THE SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT
and is now at the United States Naval Academy at
Annapolis.
The Holland was fitted with gasoline engines for surface
propulsion and with electric storage batteries and motors
for submerged cruising. It was the first boat in naval
service to be equipped in this manner, and in fact was the
first submarine having any power by which it could be
run when submerged to any considerable depth. In
Europe attempts had been made to use the steam engine
while submerged by running ventilating pipes to the
surface. These vessels could submerge to a depth just
barely sufficient to cover their decks and were therefore
in a very precarious position, at the mercy of the elements
as well as the hostility of the enemy. One of the novel
features of the Holland boat was the ability to dive by
inclining the axis of the boat and plunging to the desired
depth. This had never been accomplished before and was
viewed with much skepticism by other engineers.
Meanwhile in Europe, Lieutenant Hovgaard of the
Danish Navy had taken up the problem of submarine
development, while in England it had been pursued by a
Swedish engineer, Mr. Nordenfelt. Nordenfelt believed
that the best solution of the problem lay in the evolution
of a single power unit system for both surface and sub-
merged work, and adopted as a means to this end the steam
engine. He was only partially successful however, and
not at all so from a tactical standpoint.
The French Government once more took up the problem
and in 1888 designed a boat which was operated by primary
batteries; these were later taken out and replaced by
accumulator cells. Later, in the early nineties, Le Morse
of the same type was built. It may be of interest to state