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16 THE SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT
surface and submerged; offensive power; stability; and
visibility of the object to be attacked. .
These requirements were given relative value in the
order named and have not changed greatly up to the
present time, and where changed, only in point of their
relative values..
The development attained in these years might be more
strongly pointed out by a comparison between the Adder
class built for the United States Navy in 1899, the acme
of submarine construction and efficiency at that time, and
the M-1 laid down in 1914, and the equivalent of any °
the foreign boats. The Adder had a submerged displace-
ment of 122 tons, a submerged speed of 7 knots, a surface
speed of 9 knots, a radius of action on the surface of 500
nautical miles, and a radius of action at a 4.5 knot speed
submerged of about 70 nautical miles. She carried one
torpedo tube in the bow, and was propelled by gasoline
engines on the surface and by electric motors and storage
batteries when submerged.,
The M-I is a twin screw ship of about 630 tons sub-
merged displacement, has Diesel engines of about 1600
brake horse power for driving on the surface at a speed of
14 knots, and has a radius of action on the surface of 5500
nautical miles. Submerged, she is driven by electrical
machinery and is capable of making a speed of 10.5 knots
for one hour or a speed of 8.5 knots for three hours. At a
speed of 4.5 knots submerged she will be able to make
about 65 miles. She carries four torpedo tubes in the bow
and a spare torpedo for each tube..
It may be seen from the foregoing comparison that the
submarine has made great strides ahead except in the
particular features of submerged speed and radius 01 ac-