A Treatise On The Principles And Practice Of Dock Engineering

17 CHAPTER II. DOCK DESIGN. K"Z "c“™ *”““ ” “ -.«»-k™™« Fon«« A tpON™ATIONS « »EGARD TO POSITION AND OuTLINE-VaRIOUS a Model Dock System-Ratio of Quay Space to Water Area- Cost MPHERY TO Surface-Grouped Docks-Internal Dispositions- ^ Construction-Fresh Water Supply-Ship Design-Typical Dock S stems at Liverpool and Birkenhead, Barry, Buenos Ayres Trinonv and MarseiI^ Hamburg, London, Sunderland, Swansea, Havre,’ AND MARSEILLES—StATISTICS 0F Representative DoCKS. since those times. Necessity for Docks.-In the days before steamships were known when Zd thrers7 the7Tn highways of the world were built «"y of shinlorhJ 1011 ^ Pr°vision of docks for the accommodation of shipping had not assumed that aspect of importance and urgency which it X^Z' :as n° uncommon occurrence for a vessel to take the ground at the quayside during periods of low water, and this could be done £Ât ’h“ ““ ”" “'“* “d’t“t“d"d“ faet the expérience was a recognised incident in the ordinary course of SZo twe find 0,16 °f the advantages " for ^e port of Biisto, two centuries ago, was that the harbour afforded a “soft bed suitable for the grounding of vesseis.” In one respect naval architecture has degenerated Nowadays the attenuated plating of an ocean steamer, coupled with its if“1']] S dand Weight’ W0Uld inevitably tuffer serious strain, if not collapse, under such drastic treatment. Indeed, to such an extent aXÎTS T' been sacrificed t0 sPeed> that the foundering of weæ IZ moder7rf 1S attributed to the fact that the ends of her keel , hfted momentarily upon the crests of two waves, while the central bvrthoen 8Panned Ï 7°? between’ and' bei“g unsupported, was fractured y the mere weight of the vessel and its internal fittings. barber06^! then forT^ fishing craft> deep water berths in the form of afloat 2 neaslns’ % ^ T^ °f maintaining shipping continuously XïZ y 68 °f every modern Port R™ frontage quays modalt 7 T7T8“ sheltered Situations’ but’ as a rule, the accoin- modation thus afforded is insufficient. The question whether open basins or closed docks are more suitable for vessel a^ the dis ‘T**’0 J^ f^^^’ il is true-the ill-fated “ Cobra”-but the e disaster are typical of modern tendencies and their results. 2